Have you ever thought about what parameters are essential and have higher priority for each battery

Power capabilities of a battery start with cell anode and cathode loading to maximum current abilities of the battery system. Power capabilities from a battery are not constant discharges and charges.

The main degradation is the breakdown of the active material (cathode material & electrolyte) due to cycling.  Damage is done on every cycle.  This degradation process can be accelerated.

High-temperature breaks down the electrolyte causing it to lose its ionic transfer efficiency. Voltage is the stressor and temperature is an accelerator.

The battery is kept at a State of Charge (SOC) above 80% for a prolonged period. To improve SOC potentially battery charge voltage could be reduced gradually over time

Nothing can prevent this. It is normal and expected with battery aging. But if there is a battery management system that is adaptive it could prolong battery life and avoid swelling.

Since the thickness of the foil and separator are fixed as the cell decreases in thickness the ratio of active material to other components decreases.

 Battery manufacturers are liable for their end products. They have to comply with several standards like IEEE, and they compete in the market to make the best offer in terms of both performance and cost. They need to make a well thought out decision on every aspect of the device, and so it's not surprising that they want to base their choice on the best information available. Also, most of the manufacturing is all in China, Japan or Korea. For battery cells, modules, or packs, information often comes in the form of a battery data sheet provided by the battery manufacturer. Strikingly, there is no real standard for such datasheets with time, current, voltage, capacity, and other parameters. The data you find on one Excel spreadsheet might be missing on another.  

To assess the value of a battery objectively, it should be subjected to more elaborative testing. To obtain reliable results, testing activities should be carried out at dedicated battery testing laboratories with multiple measurement techniques like HPPC, DST, FUDS, and impedance spectroscopy. 

These facilities are often equipped with multiple testing devices specifically designed for testing battery cells, modules, and complete packs or even systems. Testing can include electrical, mechanical, and thermal test programs.  

Examples of measurements related to the performance, aging, and safety of batteries included common measurements, state of health and state of charge of the battery.

1. Capacity at different charging and discharging rates in different thermal conditions
2. Internal resistance or impedance at different life stages
3. Calendar and cycle life in different (operational) requirements
4. Robustness of the battery
5. Heat generation during charging and discharging processes
6. Frequency, Impedance, Theoretical Capacity
7. Voltage Drop, Average and Median Voltage
8. The thickness of the Solid Electrolyte Interface layer (SEI)
9. Differential capacity and voltage.

 Or maybe the characteristics are not defined in the same way. This makes it very difficult to compare one solution to the next. Moreover, most of the time, datasheet values are measured in conditions that are not representative of the end application. For these reasons, it’s almost impossible for product manufacturers to estimate the real value of a battery.     Many different battery technologies are available on the market today, and each one has its own set of distinguishing characteristics. But even batteries with the same basic chemistry can exhibit substantial differences, especially when they come from different manufacturers. So Energsoft figured that it has to be a way to do an apple to apple comparison across tests, hardware, and battery types. 

 As the drive for new solutions to address common issues like efficiency, sustainability, climate change, and user-friendliness accelerate, so too makes the demand for high-performance battery systems.   It is ranging from mobile applications such as electric bikes, cars, buses and boats, and power tools like drills, screwdrivers, and chain saws to stationary solutions that support the electricity grid and local energy systems.   Some systems consistently operate in a well-controlled and stable environment, while others need to be able to survive in harsh conditions. From this, it’s clear that manufacturers of end applications need to select the most appropriate battery technology for their specific products. You might think that’s an easy job.  

 Testing equipment can run standard testing protocols, as defined by the international community, but can also be programmed to perform specific testing that is more relevant to the end application. Testing equipment can run standard testing protocols, as defined by the international community, but can also be programmed to perform specific testing that is more relevant to the end application.    Whether you are working in a relevant field or you are just a battery enthusiast, you likely have a lot of questions about battery testing. What are the correct approach for testing cells, modules, and packs? Which equipment should be used? How do you process testing data to obtain results for end customers? Or how do you process data for battery modeling or the development of battery management systems (BMS)? Why are these tests being performed?